DEVELOPMENT
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(right) African migrants in America -fun-loving but with a shallow vision of the future of their lives, not intrinsically based on a substantial purpose. See African Attitudes and Migration section below (far right) The future of Africa? Ifrane, a new city in Morocco, seeks to reproduce the charm and tranquillity of an Alpine village. Morocco ranks fourth in Africa for FDI |
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The whole of developmental progress can be distilled to simple concepts -attitude, efficiency, legitimate resource exploitation and logistics.
'Civilised' countries are those which have had to improve their efficiency and productivity through reactions to-
War,
Technological Challenges,
Educational Abilities,
and Migration.
When these are surmounted the inherent qualities of these nations will expose themselves -particularly in relation to international trade.
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React through war |
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React through technology and its challenges |
SEE TECHNOLOGY SECTION BELOW SEE ICT SECTION, AFRICA PAGE (Far right) Mike Lawrie, South African Internet pioneer |
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React through education |
SEE EDUCATION SECTION ON THIS PAGE  (right)
Taiwanese students in the land that is the
world's biggest computer memory manufacturer |
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React through migration |
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| WAR | ||||
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The Cost Of War |
SEE OVERVIEW AND CONSEQUENCES ON SITE SUMMARY, FRONT PAGE (right) What could be called the agony of Africa is expressed in the severity and number of violent conflicts mainly in sub-Saharan Africa as recently as 12 years ago. The recovery has been variable with the acceptance of economic norms as recognised by the rest of the world -legitimate foreign investment, usable infrastructure and a fundamental vision of self-empowerment |
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| THE AFRICAN MENTALITY | ||
| The simplicity of life in Africa has made Africans introspective and alienated in terms of attitudes and abilities | ||
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Quality of Life, Traditions, Intelligence, Sexual Morality, Competence, Corruption, Running/Athletic Ability, ICT, Work Ethic -Overview and recovery from War -Site Summary -Trade Concepts -Business page talks about how attitude determines behaviour and policies -The Concepts Of Growth -Lack of Vision, Lack of Organisation, Lack of Recognition of Resources -Work Ethic, Business Competence -Educational Levels and Outlook -IT (see 'African Attitudes and IT') -Agricultural Growth -Health -Running April 2011 Mukhisa Kituyi, former Kenyan Trade Minister, writes on the need to banish tribalism and establish a common direction (Daily Nation article) |
 Overview Simple Africans -remoteness, corruption, blame and violence THE AFRICA MENTALITY, MAIN SECTION Happiness is not enough; the vision to achieve is. The challenge of planning for long-term growth with the trauma and responsibility it can involve is stressful for some -so is avoided and the simple life is preferred, with the attendant risks (right -Zambian female farmers) |
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| AGRICULTURE | ||||
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Agriculture has been a mainstay of
African sustenance and the economy -65% of
Africans are employed in farming. However
African workers have failed to capitalise on
correct exploitation of soil and crops. The need
for skills
transfers exposes the historical lack of
productivity in this industry |
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September 2010 ILLITERACY/IGNORANCE PRODUCE MALNUTRITION - World Food Programme study on starving North Kenya farmers 24th September 2010 'Farmers poor because lacking means/incentive to produce more' -Jeffrey Sachs re WFP debate Inputs and skills matter far more than soil/geography http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/ vol20no2/202-boosting-farm-yields.html Nerica hybrid rice varieties proven to raise yields (PDF) http://www.gsid.nagoya-u.ac.jp/bpub/ research/public/paper/article/165.pdf Green Revolution -PROGRESS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA HAMPERED BY PROTESTS OVER HYBRID CROPS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug Tanzania definitively helped by skills and crop advice -NATIVE RESOURCES ADDED VALUE TO BY INFORMATION http://www.saa-tokyo.org/english/ country/cc_tanzania.shtml Chinese superior at water use for crop yields -with the same resources http://www.scidev.net/en/news/ china-s-clever-water-use-boosts-food-yields.html |
SEE AGRICULTURE SECTION, AFRICA PAGE Current and potential arable land use in Africa
Land Purchases SEE FDI SECTION, AFRICA PAGE land_purchases.pdf (PDF on this site) Africans historically have failed to assert the value of their lives and labour -eg through land rights (PDF) Historical alienation shown re knowledge even of native crops, logistics and foreign trade by only recently accepting foreign investment -an 'invasion' unlike eg in Dubai, China where FDI is managed and welcomed |
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| COMPUTING LINKING THE WORLD |
 (right) Useful BBC Flash-based presentation shows how broadband and cable use has evolved over the years. Slider-based interface shows areas and Internet penetration as they occur SEE BBC LINK AND PAGE WITH EAST AFRICAN INDUSTRY ANALYSIS April 2011 (below) Startling and amazing statistics on the rise of social networking and the Internet (Youtube video link)-
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THE FACEBOOK PHENOMENON
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21st April 2011 Debt Collectors Troll Facebook (MSNBC.com) Facebook changes with the times to act as 'the new Internet' -linking with the world is the way to empower everyone and level the playing field Africans are empowered via Facebook, more likely to use IT as a result See African page for the impact of IT in Africa Twitter makes its mark in business in Thailand |
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21st July 2010 Facebook connects the world -500 million users (ZDNet), (Guardian, UK); giving divorce lawyers much work (USA Today); attracting politicians (Slate, below)  |
Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft become natural monopolies despite competition -systemisation at work, leading to mass production of their services and related products and empowerment for their customers and users.
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| TECHNOLOGY/ICT |
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THE POWER OF THE NETWORK AND THE CLOUD Technology monopolies come to the fore, empowering the world but also imposing standards on its users 20th February 2011 95% of American families connect online daily, cannot live without it (msnbc.com video) It's all about the network -'join the cloud' (right) Google Wave takes a bow -slayed by Facebook, Twitter SEE 'THE SOCIAL NETWORKING PHENOMENON' ABOVE 8 billion total minutes daily spent on Facebook IM on its way out, supplanted by Twitter? Encarta fails -Wikipedia takes over as the encyclopedia of choice Microsoft Money loses fight with online banking Smartphones (graph right) IPhone 4 director leaves -state of the art mobile in design row Even Apple's IMac secondary to its IPhone in terms of sales, focus Microsoft Kin social networking phone lasts only 2 months IPhone 4 has it, but mobile video calling less of a phenomenon than first thought Laptops (graph and links right) Off the shelf software sales pale next to new hardware -sign of a shift from creative to mobile computing Applications -Users Want Easy, Preferably Free Homogeneity And The Rise Of Copycat Programmes -Office rules but open source is coming up fast (article with commentary) Computer video games now eclipse Hollywood films Users become more sophisticated but less creative -attention spans lower and impulsive behaviour increases. -more scope for a 'mob mentality', and random thoughts spread through 'the cloud'. See Africa page for how technology addresses poverty -health, logistics, linking markets, transparency and crisis management. |
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| MINING RESOURCES | ||
| The West's superiority in adding value to resources comes from knowledge of their potential -which has generally failed to be realised by Africans | ||
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Total Value added = Knowledge x Native value added FDI in mining in sub-Saharan Africa See http://www.aercafrica.org/documents/ books/FDI_papers_booklength_volume.pdf (PDF) -"FDI is the main conduit through which technology transfer takes place. The transfer of technology and technological spillovers leads to an increase in factor productivity and efficiency in the utilisation of resources, which leads to growth ...FDI leads to increases in exports as a result of increased capacity and competitiveness in domestic production. The bulk of FDI into South Africa is still mining due to a guarantee of increased productivity" Incentive to invest in Africa http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/ 3261_bpafrica-fdi.pdf (PDF)(see p.3) Free enterprise proves itself in African mining sector -foreign capital brings confidence to investors and FDI through heavy spending on technology to improve productivity (PDF) |
SEE AFRICA BUSINESS SECTION, AFRICA PAGE  (above) Australia's economic strength shows itself where over a 10-year period a focus on resource extraction including farming/mining gave way to the new areas of communications and information technology Australian Treasury emphasises productivity growth in a historically strong area -mining company BHP Billiton is the world's biggest Australian mining in Africa -skills and investment empower the continent |
 (above) When Africa and other developing regions are empowered they will INEVITABLY improve themselves -the fastest-growing trend in this chart is from developing-developing nations, based on a limited value added to basic resources Finland grew through forestry -switching to a focus on high technology has shown how growth can be enhanced through added value. Finland is still amongst the world's biggest suppliers of wood and pulp, but paper manufacture adds further value SEE COUNTRY SUMMARY WITH LINKS ON FRONT PAGE |
| EDUCATION |
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SEE CHINA IN AFRICA ON AFRICA PAGE SEE CHINA OVERVIEW ON FRONT PAGE | |
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The figures seem stark, the poor in China getting (relatively) poorer whilst China as a whole is MUCH richer in only 14 years... |
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...but the real story is that the WHOLE of China is now wealthier, so empowering consumers who themselves provide a market for their own country's goods. |
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Exports have increased massively in the post -World War 2 era thanks to the phenomenon of globalisation -the supply chain which links all continents and markets. The chart at left illustrates that exports from developing countries have increased not only faster than to previous markets in the West, but are now even competing effectively with their own areas. |
Asia of course seems to be a shining light for economic growth, epitomised by Korea, just 60 short years ago a land farmed by peasants... | |
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...not least served by their rigorous policy of the need for high educational levels in all matters ranging from literature to engineering. This makes Africa's efforts and focus (even recently) pale by comparison (see also Africa section on technology and progress with education) | |
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We then look to see the results of these efforts in the classroom... | |
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..and (no surprise) note that there is a DIRECT PARALLEL between educational attainment and national growth -directly useful to foreign markets. | |
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There is an equal parallel between recent economic growth and the degree of links with the Western system -whether by membership or assimilation. | |
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Certain races try harder when emigrating through fear or ambition -achievement
from native skills and abilities drives them and their
adopted lands. The Migration Instinct - = Added Value (from increased output) x (Destination country's worth -Source country's worth) - which approximates to Foreign Direct Investment- foreign money is essentially invested to take advantage of value added to native resources originally unfulfilled, ie exploited by immigrant labour and skills |
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| LOGISTICS | ||
| Distribution networks are taken for granted in the West, the levels of efficiency and low global shipping costs especially empowering remote markets | ||
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Cost of logistics and the supply chain |
 (right) Historically Africa, especially SSA, has proven notorious for its decrepit logistics systems -scheduling, transparency and infrastructure. This is changing once the potential of native resources for local populations is exposed, invested in and exported. Corruption is the main factor responsible for the lack of the efficiency of supply chains. Correct management of these would provide systematic empowerment at various levels and accountability for end results -a direct incentive for involvement in these systems SEE LOGISTICS SECTION ON AFRICA PAGE (INCLUDING DOCUMENTS), TRANSPARENCY SECTION ON THIS PAGE |
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 (right) Sub-Saharan Africa's barriers show in shipping costs and efficiency especially in inward transit- "Geography is not the primary reason for long delays in transit times. There are more important factors such as the quality of the roads, quality of the vehicles, likelihood of accidents, theft, competition in trucking, road blocks, and waiting times at borders." SEE WORLD BANK BLOG |
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| CONCEPTS ANALYSIS | |||
| INTERNATIONAL TRADE GROWS COUNTRIES | |||
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Through- Conflict and the Ruin of War... (left-right -Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone) SEE FRONT PAGE FOR SUMMARY OF AFRICA'S HISTORY |
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...we all realise the
value of- Societal And Family Standards and Norms Changing Attitudes and Vision, by educational attainment and ambition to attain levels within one's community and society... MARCH 2011 -A Skewed Take On Family Values -Do Asians Take It Too Far? (comment/Youtube) (right) Chinese workers in Africa need to socialise and communicate (blog) (middle) Mexico has always been governed by strong social traditions (far right) Family values retain their importance across the world -mostly Times of India -it's all about Family Values |
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...and finally produce- Trade Links To The World. (top, bottom r.-l.) the magnificence of Shanghai port; Rotterdam, previously the world's largest; and the current largest port in Africa, Durban Harbour |
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Trade Concepts Add Value External Trade develops inevitably from Internal Trade through the need to find more and bigger markets. |
Local worth means: -recognition of resources as empowering once processed and exported with the help of international partners. External (institutional) worth means: -recognition of FDI as a major factor in internal growth. |
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How Countries
Grow 1 -Migration from foreign workers via new skills and connections (value added) increases local exports vs. original trade -immigrants are aware of trade mechanisms and communicate these, raising incentives to recognise foreign markets. 2 -Education adds value vs. original trade -higher skills and greater prices for better and more goods using the same resources. 3 -System (ie total trading system including logistics and communications systems) worth = international exports excluding original resources -the final stage of 'globalisation'. (right) Taiwan, an economy built almost entirely from its focus on export markets for high-tech components, is notorious for the stress and pressure of its 'cram schools' -the majority of parents seek extra tuition for their children |
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(from above) (1) = raw materials exports-original value of locally traded resources (2) = produced goods (ie, value added)-(1) (3) = international exports-(2) = a country's total worth, ie GNP (Right) Final links in the supply chain -finished goods at Singapore port, one of the world's largest and indicative of an economy which was originally dependent on imports, impoverished and lacking in native resources. FDI attractiveness through the assertion of saleable skills and productive potential has made the country one of the world's richest in less than two generations |
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WHY TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS MODERN TRADE MORE THAN
OTHER INDUSTRIES The phenomenon of ICT growth needs to be investigated as wealth increases without necessarily there being a higher use of native resources.
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Asian Growth Examples and comparison with IT use
Malaysia income (GDP per head, constant prices)- 1950 $1828 2008 $8141 -Correct use of resources combined with a government vision and high levels of education leading to new export markets Asian growth through investment in IT (Malaysia example) Japan income (GDP per head, constant prices)- 1950 $1208 1990 $13197 -FDI plus export markets, high-tech Korea income (GDP per head, constant prices)- 1960 $155 1981 $1554 -Export markets, technology (including production methods) and highly-focussed educational policies |
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Silicon chips were invented out of
necessity to empower satellites in the Cold War
space race (see link, right) -consumer needs appeared only
afterwards, therefore the invention of these
devices dictated demand as well as supply
initially. This happens in a similar fashion with both ICT and education in general, where EDUCATED AND MORE ENLIGHTENED BEHAVIOUR WILL CHANGE BUYING PATTERNS AND ECONOMIES IN THE LONG TERM. |
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| TRADE CONCEPTS EXAMPLES | ||||||||||||||||||
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GDP growth depends on the legitimate use and trading of natural resources, whether grown, mineral-based or human labour. GDP comparisons -trade and growth SEE INTERNATIONAL GDP COMPARISONS FOR 17 COUNTRIES 1960-2008 (PDF ON THIS SITE) Also here (college overview of simple statistics with examples) Value added to GDP -a measure of correct investment and the addressing of the potential of native resources |
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THE GERMAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE -Ludwig Erhard, architect of the German post-war growth phenomenon -Walter Eucken -'German Economic Miracle' -Economic growth model Also see comprehensive account of post-war growth, with statistics and commentary (PDF) (p.12, income vs. production; p.2, effects of war) |
KOREA Economy overview CountryStudies report discusses application of Confucian ideas from 1950-80 |
DUBAI Property overview UAE growth commentary Comprehensive overview of UAE -miraculous growth, statistics, commentary, industries (PDF) Wikipedia economy overview |
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GERMANY -GOVERNMENT GDP 1950 $3170 per capita 1980 $13370 per capita 1950 $265bn 1980 $910bn A hardcore visionary approach meant that the government under Ludwig Erhard was able to manage the economy and steer people's money due to tight controls, economic efficiency and correct planning. This also was due to the legendary German industriousness and work ethic |
KOREA -EDUCATION GDP 1960 $155 per capita 1981 $1554 per capita -inherently recognised by the government which explicitly sees that (a) local labour is used to create export markets, (b) education can add far more value in a land that is limited by mineral resources than cheap labour ever could. This method adds further to GDP growth, as the resource being empowered (labour) adds value to itself in the long run -educated people spend more money. |
DUBAI -OIL GDP 1971 $1.8bn 2000 $66bn 2001 $71bn 2007 $163bn Oil Extraction 1964 187,000 barrels/day 1998 2,255,000 barrels/day Manufacturing Growth 1975 $128m (0.9% of total GDP) 1998 $5134m (12.6% of total GDP) -so value added is from resources AND their recognition by the government and foreign investors. This value is then re-spent many times, on industry, property etc. |
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1 ANALYSIS Germany -GDP =3.5 x government investment = the most value that can natively be added to local resources without external inputs (base value excluding FDI). This would have been done, as with Korea, with the confidence that the money would then be spent, further invested and used for more production. Korea -GDP per capita =10 x educational investment (by original government expenditure) Dubai -GDP =2.5 x real oil growth |
2 COMPONENTS OF GROWTH Germany -government vision assumes what its citizens already want: Stability and order in a growing economy. The system for growth is therefore assumed without having to be imposed. Engineering and technology are given high priority in schools and industry. Korea -government vision creates export markets, enhancing the incentive to educate its citizens to build new products and technologies, who then themselves have greater buying power -a virtuous circle. -added value for labour is by far the most effective way to grow economically. Dubai -government vision extracts oil with foreign cooperation and leads to further industrial investment. |
3 COMPONENTS OF FUTURE GROWTH We then arrive at the key characteristics necessary for legitimate growth which would empower a country's population for the purpose of further investment, trade and production- (1) Government planning (2) Focussed education (3) Value added to create external markets => Growth in the modern world depends on a representative government embodying the people's vision to progress through production via high educational levels, in the process attracting high levels of Foreign Direct Investment, which are then re-spent in the local economy. |
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THE REACTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL IMPULSES, WHETHER WAR, EXPOSURE TO EXTERNAL MARKETS OR A DESPERATION TO LEARN AND EXPLOIT NATIVE RESOURCES, ILLUSTRATES THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPT OF ADDED VALUE AND RECOGNITION OF POTENTIAL OF A COUNTRY AND ITS MARKETS. -IGNORANCE OF THIS POTENTIAL NATIVELY CREATES INCENTIVES TO STUDY AND INSPIRES CURIOSITY AS ORIGINALLY THERE ARE NO BARRIERS. -WAR CAN BE THE ULTIMATE SPUR TO ACTION AND REACTION AS THE MEANS TO FIGHT WILL ULTIMATELY SHOW IN NEW PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS FOR EMPOWERMENT AND SURVIVAL, EG SILICON CHIPS, MOBILE PHONES. -WAR CAN EVEN BE AN EXCUSE TO EXPOSE THESE CONCEPTS. |
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HOW TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY CHANGED ECONOMIES AND MARKETS England and India Textile Trade 18th/19th Centuries |
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(thanks to Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta at University of Warwick,
UK) Trade is enhanced by technological products (as well as itself benefitting from efficiency within the industry) and the need to find export markets. See the example below. English Exports as % of 1800 Level- 1700 -0.5 1750 -3 Real wages in England were stagnant even over a century- 1700 -6x India level 1800 -5.17x " " Slow national growth was tied to the adoption of the silver standard -low wages along with high grain prices (due to transportation costs). The incentive therefore existed to improve productivity to compensate for historically high wages in England, and enter the historically low-cost and thriving Indian textiles market. See below for an explanation of this concept. |
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| Operative Hours to Process (OHP) (spinning industry) 100lbs. cotton | |||||||
| OHP | England | ||||||
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1780 Crompton’s mule 1790 100-spindle mule 1795 Power-assisted mule 1825 Roberts’s automatic mule |
2,000 1,000 300 135 |
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| OHP | India | ||||||
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1780 Handloom (r., far r.) India even today produces huge quantities of cotton and silk garments using hand-controlled machinery -up to 90% of Indian silk is manufactured in this way |
50,000 |
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Mechanisation improved output still more with higher quality cloth (1780-1825)- 18s (yarn count)- 4x greater 100s- " " 18x " " Cloth price declined in real terms by 200-300%. Unit labour prices were almost one-eighth in 1820 from the 1770 level. -THEREFORE TECHNOLOGY HAD A DIRECT EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY AND THE ABILITY TO BOOST EXPORTS AND ENCOURAGE FURTHER INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION. English Exports as % of Indian Textiles Market 1850 -10 1884 -60 Introduction of the power loom in 1822 completed the technological transformation of the textiles industry from a home business on hand looms to machines in custom factories that could now use 1200 spindles with little extra manpower. India became a net importer of cotton after about 1830. Competition and the acceptance of substitutes meant that the Indian textiles industry became dominated by the British -a combination of lowering prices, increasing productivity through mechanisation, and a more homogenised product; a true example of 'globalisation' at work. |
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| CASE STUDY -RWANDA | ||
| Rwanda's Path To Prosperity | ||
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(see front page summary)
Under Paul Kagame the nation of Rwanda, a victim of the most brutal inter-ethnic violence, tensions and alienation in this 'land of a thousand hills', is being transformed. From the devastation that was the massacre of Tutsis and moderate Hutus in 1994 has emerged a country that is ready and able to embrace the modern world. Transparency is a major focus for the encouragement of Foreign Direct Investment, that component of growth which is so necessary in this age of globalisation and interdependency. Stability has been restored. Confidence, in business and communal terms, has been regenerated -crime has diminished especially in urban areas, and people of all strata in society look to the future.
Since no government, no matter how influential, can impose its will on other institutions, the data tell their own story
-a true measure of foreign investors' changing views of Rwanda.
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Rwanda is ready for business, ready to engage, and able to add value for its
people and the international community |
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 Foreign Direct Investment and GDP Growth(right) overview of Rwanda's growth in just a few short years from a low base, via FDI.net. See this link also for business and investment links and more data. Statistics Rwanda -industries, indices and in-depth reports (Far right) Rwanda is seen more and more not only as a destination for growth but (see below) also as a centre for innovation, and foreign companies agree |
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NEW - YouTube links Rwanda's Rise -Clean, Prosperous |
| ACHIEVING GOALS AND SETTING THE PACE | ||
 Rwandan progress in attaining UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG)(official government page) (right) Rose Mukantabana, Speaker of the Rwandan Parliament, addresses the press after the July 2010 conference where Rwanda was selected to be amongst the world's best in terms of gender equality, education and growth goals (Far right) Modern bustling Kigali |
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(right) Wireless Internet in Rwanda -Terracom in Kigali MTN Rwanda Deploys State Of The Art Wireless Internet Rwanda makes explicit moves to becoming one of Africa's Internet hubs -GlobalPost.com, December 2009 |
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| NEWS AND OPINION ON RWANDA'S RISE | ||
| 'Today's Rwanda
is a different
country than it
was 16 years ago
in almost
every respect' President Paul Kagame Faces The Press: transparency, China, industrialisation, 1994 genocide (Der Spiegel) http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,704894,00.html Rwanda's Rebel Reformer Paul Kagame -Time http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article /0,9171,2007287,00.html#ixzz0v4kUklzu 'Entrepreneurship is the most sure form of development' -Rwanda's huge growth since 1994 counters perceptions, builds a new identity http://www.newsday.co.tt/businessday/0,123700.html |
Africa flexes
its muscles as
one of the
world's top
targets for fund
managers and
corporate
investors
-Reuters http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6660O120100707?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews Rwandan Economy Heading For 5.9% Growth In 2011 http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-09/rwandan-economy-may-grow-5-4-this-year-5-9-in-2011.html Rwanda (with South Africa) Awarded For Best Business Climate -East African Business Week http://www.busiweek.com/10/page.php?aid=836 |
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(right) Corruption and logistics are linked as inefficiency is often addressed through short-cuts, leading to a lack of incentive from potential foreign partners to invest |
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Corruption Campaigners John Githongo (Kenya) SEE HEADLINES ON FRONT PAGE The Legacy of Nigerian Ken Saro-Wiwa
Endemic corruption at US corporation Enron Indonesian corruption -bribes for documents, rainforest devastation Corruption Is Iraq's Latest Enemy (MSNBC.com) China's greed creates corrupt government, but also a drive for openness (January 2010) |
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ENVIRONMENT |
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| also see Agriculture section, Africa page | |||||||
An Inconvenient Truth |
Green Cross International |
Earthwire.org -latest environmental headlines for Africa OneWorld.net Environment Headlines GoodCleanTech (US): innovations, news Greenpeace headlines and analysis Sustainable Development News |
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Environment News March 2011 'The World -Powered by Photosynthesis' -MIT scientists develop an artificial leaf -the ultimate energy source for off-grid homes in 3rd World (I4U.com) November 2010 Kenya develops carbon exchange market (BBC) September 2010 Bioplastics -material of the future? Recent business Discussion/news site April 2010 Barack Obama visits Biorefining Plant April 2010 China Will Not Pay for Clean Energy/Intellectual Property Rights Bill Gates Funds Geoengineering Research India Addresses Solar Potential -1000MW Project On The Horizon Africa/G77 countries sidelined over Kyoto protocol -see also here |
Environment Issues Overview (concise OECD summary) Free Trade can help environment (Reuters) Alternative fuels/vehicles market in US UN Environment Programme (Kenya)  Kenya solar mobile phone -cheap to buy, cheap to recharge, helps the environment Lesotho supplies energy-efficient light bulbs to Philips in joint venture (April 2010) BP OIL SPILL June 2010 Kevin Costner's firm aims to address environmental hazard with groundbreaking technology |
Environment Technology Innovation and Sustainable Development Work Together -Trevor Baylis, inventor of the Clockwork Radio  |
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(far left) Eco Plan Management, Nairobi Consultants specialising in analysis of all aspects of environmental and resource projects E-mail Irene Keino (left) and her team- info@ecoplanmanagement.co.ke SEE ISOCARP 2010 CONFERENCE LINK -AFRICA PAGE |
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Environmental challenges re energy usage for the Third World -development is a tool not a barrier SolarThermalMagazine.com -latest solar news Solar potential for Africa Solar power in South Africa The future of Bioenergy Kenya taps into geothermal energy potential in the Rift Valley (BBC, 2007) -see also Sinogate Investment Consulting article (2009) |
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